However, in this chapter of NCERT 8th class science book students will get an introductory idea of sound and its properties. Sound is essential as it allows us to communicate with each other and let us enjoy the beauty of music. Every associated concept of sound has been discussed in this chapter. The concepts like frequency, amplitude, audible frequencies, hertz, the pitch of the sound, oscillation motion, etc.
The high volume and unnecessary noise lead to noise pollution, and students will learn how to prevent that from this chapter. Additionally, students will also learn how some fluids are good conductors, while others are insulators. Water is one of the most commonly available liquid around us. Students will study the chemical reaction of water when an electric current passes through it in this chapter.
Students will also get to know about electroplating, electrode, etc. The primary idea of LED is also given in this chapter. Finally, the exercise, in the end, allows students to evaluate what they have learnt from this chapter. The fifteenth chapter of NCERT books for class 8 AC science discusses different natural phenomena that we witness daily or occasionally.
This chapter begins by giving an account of static and electric current. In this regard, students will learn why earthing is necessary for houses. The reasons behind the earthquake and how that happens are also a part of this chapter. Richter scale is the device to measure the intensity of an earthquake. Along with that, the fundamental concepts of electric charges, negative and positive, and the transfer of charges also constitute this chapter. Chapter Light.
It is one of the most common phenomena of nature. You must have noticed that, in darkness, you cannot see anything. Hence, to see things, we need light and more specifically, the reflection of light. Nonetheless, there are some distinct characteristics of light, and they are a part of this chapter. The concept of kaleidoscopes is also a result of multiple reflections of light.
Apart from that, other essential concepts of light are also discussed in great details. Following are some of them. Angle of incidence. Angle of reflections. Braille system. We can see the light because we have cornea in our eyes, and through this part, light enters our eyes and therefore in bright, flashy light, we tend to close our eyes reflexively. The exercise in the last portion of this chapter will aid the students to get a better understanding of the chapter.
It is an interesting chapter that introduces students to the fundamentals of the solar system and its stars. The night sky looks divine due to the presence of stars and moon. Also, we can see clusters of stars sometimes, and they form some meaningful figures. These clusters of stars are known as constellations. Also, in our solar system, several planets are there, and they revolve around the Sun. This chapter provides details of these planets based on their distance from the Sun.
For example, Mercury is the closest one to the Sun, and Neptune is the farthest. Along with that, the concepts of artificial satellites, Asteroids, comets are also discussed in details in this chapter. Since these are the basics of astronomy, students should pay extra attention to these topics, as it may prove valuable in their higher studies. The concluding chapter of NCERT books for class 8 AC science discusses the several aspects of air and water pollution and how they affect the environment.
Air contains several gases in specific proportions. However, the substances that cause pollution are called pollutants. They are responsible for greenhouse effects, marble cancer, acid rain, etc.
The next part of this chapter talks about the different aspects of water pollution. Substances like industrial waste, sewage, agricultural chemicals, etc. This chapter educates students about numerous efforts to save the river Ganga, and about the Ganga Action Plan of Especially for CBSE students, these books are of utmost importance as they strictly adhere to the board curriculum. Following are some of the reasons which make it a favourite among the students and teachers.
Hence, students can comprehend the concepts without any difficulties. Drinking water became scarce and some of the villagers fled for other villages. During this time a monk reached the village. The moment he set foot on the soil of the village, it began to rain. People thought that it was the arrival of the monk that caused the shower.
Everyone except Raman hailed the monk and touched his feet as a sign of reverence. Raman was hesitant to accept this logic. His rational mind believed that it was not the arrival of the monk that caused the rain.
It would have rained, even if the monk had not arrived. This was his attitude and he told this truth to others. The villagers advised him not to provoke the monk. But Raman wished to tell the truth to the monk. Once, a tired crow wanted to perch on a tree. It saw a palm tree and perched on it. At that moment, a nut fell down from the tree. But I think it is nothing but a superstition. Is it not a superstition, Swami? The ripe nut would have fallen, even if the crow did not perch on the tree.
I will teach you a number of mantras. You should recite it daily in praise of Kali. The goddess will bless you and she would make you famous throughout this land. The coming generations will remember you for your wit and glory. Raman learned the Kali mantras taught by the monk.
He grasped it soon. He went to the Kali temple in the night and began to chant it. It was midnight and an uneasy calm prevailed in that area. It was really the Goddess Kali. The Kali Devi had thousand faces and all the thousand mollths were opened, the long teeth stretched outside the mouth. Fire emanated from all the thousand eyes. It was altogether a terrible figure. But Raman remained unmoved. He did not feel anything extraordinary.
He simply smiled. I have only one head and a nose. Yet during cold, I find it difficult to wipe out the discharge from the nose with my hands. You have got thousand heads and the same number of noses, but have only two hands. It will be difficult for you to wipe out the discharge from all the noses with just two hands.
The reply made Devi to start laughing. You can choose any one of them,. Goddess, please pardon me. I want to be both say wealth is sour.
What does it mean? Goddess, I want to become a good poet as well as a jester. There is also a mistake on your part. You held the two pots of milk in your hands simultaneously. Kali Devi was in a fix.
After blessing Raman, the Goddess disappeared. Raman became excited and thanked Kali Devi. After becoming a youth, Raman wished to please Krishnadevarayar, the emperor of Vijayanagaram. On the other hand, the milk of I achieve this? Raman used a trick. Neither the family ties nor its burden bothered him. At that time, the durbar priest of Vijayanagaram named Tathachary came to the Devi temple at Mangalagiri near Tenali.
It is easy to become a member of the durbar if the priest helped, as the king revered the priest very much. Raman approached Tathachary with this intention. But the priest was clever and cunning. The priest had other plans in his mind. My old age prevents me to do all the works by myself. Let him stay with me at Mangalagiri. So, he stayed with the priest and helped him in his day to day affairs.
The priest became jealous of Raman. What an excellent poem! He congratulated Raman. Tathachary praised Raman but with dubious intention. Raman continued to serve the priest with dedication. At last the day came for the priest to return. As soon as I reach there, I will send a man to invite you to the palace. You just accompany him.
Raman sent the priest off, with tears in his eyes. He was relieved from tension. But nobody came to him as promised by the priest. He felt desperate. His long wait for the job was in vain. Raman left for Vijayanagaram along with his wife and child. His aim was to seek a job in the palace. The journey was very difficult. I want to see your master. When the usher informed this to Raman, he became furious. It was I who served you at Mangalagiri. Tathachary could not tolerate the action of Raman.
The angry priest ordered his servant to beat and push Raman out of the house. Raman felt sad and dejected. Raman went directly to the durbar and sat among the audience. Our happiness, well-being, sadness are all illusions. Everybody assembled at the durbar agreed with his arguments. The king looked around to see anybody to counter the scholar. But no one came forward. The king felt dejected.
Suddenly he heard a voice and it was Raman challenging the scholar. At present it is noon and let the beloved king give us sumptuous meal. We can all eat the food. The scholar should not eat it. Let him think that he is eating. Will this thought satisfy his hunger? His arguments put the scholar in a fix. The king called Raman to his side and congratulated. He gave Raman prizes including gold coins. One day a magician from North India came to the durbar.
He displayed various magical tricks which pleased the King Krishnadevarayar. The magician showed an unusual item during the show. It was the magic of separating his head from the body. But nobody dared do it. Raman came forward. He bowed before the King and the audience and went to the magician.
Tenali Raman trick with open eyes, which I perform by closing my eyes? Raman brought a bag full of chilli powder. By closing his eyes, he sprinkled the powder on to it. He stood still for some time. After that he removed the entire powder and opened his eyes. Later Raman brought another bag full of chilli powder and handed it over to the magician. He asked the magician to do the trick with open eyes. The magician tried to escape from the scene.
The people assembled there ridiculed him. The dejected wizard ended his programmes and returned home. The king became excited. The king appointed Raman as his court jester. The public who assembled there congratulated Raman. The court priest Tathachary, who was also present there hailed Raman, but he was jealous. Tenali Raman thus became the court jester to Krishnadevarayar.
He built a house for his family. He almost settled his family matters. He was seeking a chance to teach Tathachary a lesson. At last, Raman found a way to take vengeance on the priest. Tathachary had a routine bath daily at 4 a. He bathed at the Tungabhadra river, near the palace. He usually undressed his robes before bathing. Tathachary who knew all the rules did not obey any of them.
Tathachary in his usual way undressed his robes on the bank of the river. Raman went there quietly, took it and hid the dress at another place.
After bathing, Tathachary, came in search of his dress, but could not find it. He saw Raman there. Raman remained unmoved and stood unfamiliar to the court priest. His mind moved back. Tathachary knew it was Raman who had taken away his dress. Tathachary had to remain naked under the water all the time. Raman narrated the painful experience faced by him when he earlier approached Tathachary. Tathachary agreed on the condition and Ranvan returned the dress to him. The priest began to walk along the crowded streets, carrying Raman on his shoulders.
The people laughed at the priest. The king was wandering on the portico of the palace. He saw a strange scene. The revered priest was carrying Raman on his shoulders, like a donkey. Raman was booing. The people assembled on either side of the road laughed at the unusual scene. The king was unable to tolerate this. He felt something wrong in it. He saw the soldiers coming from a distance.
You have carried me on your shoulders till now. Raman started walking. The two soldiers who reached the scene brought down the priest, and beat him. Tathachary could not understand what was happening. The priest remembered the scene in which his servants beating Raman, when the latter visited his house.
The soldiers brought Raman before the king instead of Tathachary. It was the reverse that had happened. When we reached the spot, we saw Raman carrying the priest on his shoulders, so we brought Raman here. This has, in effect, insulted me also.
Take away this devil, and behead him. The soldiers took away Raman outside. The death sentence pronounced on Raman was heard by two close aides of the King. The two had animosity with the priest. Both had the intention of saving Raman from capital punishment. The two followed Raman to the jungle where the execution was to be performed. The goat was also with them. They arranged the soldiers to kill the goat and show the blood stained sword to the army chief.
The soldiers who earlier refused to obey, later accepted it. They also asked Raman not to remain in the native land. Raman gave them 10 gold coins each and left the place. The soldiers returned to the palace and showed the blood stained sword to the army chief. Everybody thought that Raman was executed. Some of them felt sad.
But Tathachary was happy for getting rid of his enemy. Raman, who escaped from the death sentence went directly to his home. He asked his mother and wife to plead before the King. They reached the palace and began to lament before the king.
He was the only earning member of our house. I am a widow and who will look after me henceforth. How can I live? How cruel you are! I have also become a widow now. How will I look after my son?
After hearing the two, the king felt sad. His heart filled with compassion. He consoled the two ladies. The king ordered to give gold sovereigns each to them. Krishnadevarayar also issued orders to grant 20 sovereigns as monthly pension to the family.
Lakshmamma and Mangamma returned home and handed over the gold coins to Raman. Raman burst into laughter. The mother and wife also joined Raman in laughter. Killing Brahmin is a great sin. A great repentance is needed to compensate the sin. This was the belief that prevailed since long ago. Tenali Raman was a Brahmin. The king had killed Raman. This cruel act will have negative impact on the entire country. Such a divine voice was heard by the queens of the palace. They informed it to king Krishnadevarayar.
He convened a meeting of the priests and decided to bury the soul of Raman. During a moonless night, the head priest and assistant priests set out from the palace to the nearby temple. It was midnight. Raman knew this secret. He painted black oil on his body and sat on the banyan tree. He looked like a ghost. The priests began to chant mantras under the tree to invoke the spirit. Soon Raman jumped on them, the priests were bewildered and cried.
They thought it was a ghost. They ran for shelter and returned to the palace. The news spread throughout the entire empire. The fear of ghost weakened the mobility of the people. The king became worried. At last he found a solution. Anyone who does this will be rewarded with gold sovereigns. Raman who returned home also heard this news.
He felt happy as his plans proved fruitful. Naturally people were in fear. Even two days after the proclamation, there was no response from the public. On the third day, the king was sitting gloomy in the durbar. Tathachary also sat beside the king. A soldier came before the king and announced the arrival of a sage. The king ordered to bring the sage in. The sage came. He wore a sqffron dress. He had long hair and beard. The long matted hair extended up to his navel.
He wore a beads roll around the neck. Altogether the king liked the sage. Are you ready to reward with anything I demand? The sage agreed to the condition. The king had other ideas in mind. It is well known that Raman was a threat to Tathachary. You have to go there. But the monk had other ideas. Tathachary moved back with fear. It was really Tenali Raman. Thus Raman. All of them believed that Raman was dead. The king accepted the demands and acted accordingly.
The fame and goodwill of Vijayanagaram empire made many people jealous. There were attempts to kill the King Krishnadevarayar. Once, a spy from Nalgonda came to Vijayanagaram. The king thought that it was Raman who had sent the messenger to him.
The timely intervention of fellow people saved the king from danger. The crime committed by Raman in providing shelter to a spy with the intention to kill the king was severe During the trial, Raman admitted the crime.
It was the monster Appaji who sentenced Raman with the death penalty People became upset over the verdict. They protested. Then the minister gave Raman a small favor. Raman was allowed to choose the mode of his death. The crime was done without my knowledge or consent Anyway I am thankful to the Minister for allowing me to choose the mode of my death. The people were excited over the comment. They hailed Raman.
Thus, he escaped from the death-trap once more. There was a fake monk at Vijayanagaram who indulged in several crimes including murders. He was very clever and eloquent. He looked smart and well dressed. He also behaved politely. But in true life, he was cruel and wicked.
His mode of operation was strange. If there was animosity between two people, he. He will promise to destroy the enemy. The enemy will either die or become a mental patient. This was the queer mode of operation of the monk. He had cheated several people like this. One day, Raman met the monk on his way. At that time, a man cheated by the monk also came near them. The man had become a mental patient due to the misdeeds of the monk. Raman caught hold of the mental patient and introduced him to the monk.
He soon became a violent person and killed the monk. Raman was excited. The death of the monk had its consequence. The mental patient was arrested for killing the monk. He was acquitted on the grounds of mental insanity. But the trial of the case continued. The trial proved that Tenali Raman was guilty. So Raman was ordered to be executed by the king. The mode of killing, ordered by the king was strange.
Raman was to be brought to an isolated area and his body was to be covered with earth up to the neck. Later, he was to be trampled to death by an elephant. Raman was brought to the spot where a pit was dug for the pur-. The soldiers then went to bring the elephant. At that time, a dhobi came that way. He was a hunch back. Raman noticed the hunch on the dhobi. He laughed at the dhobi. The washerman looked at Raman, who was covered up to his neck by mud. The dhobi removed the earth covered on Raman.
The dhobi was unaware of the good health of Raman. He thought that Raman had a hunch on his back, before covering his body with mud. The dhobi had trust in the wor t ds of Raman. He stood in the pit and covered his body upto neck with earth.
Raman returned home. In the meantime the elephant came and trampled the dhobi to death. The king was very much dejected. He thought that Raman was dead. It was he who ordered to kill Raman for assassinating a monk. The king was distressed after knowing that the dead monk was a criminal. Although it was Raman who was responsible for the murder, the act saved several innocent people.
The king began to cry and tears flowed from his eyes. Raman, who knew about it appeared before the king. He narrated how he escaped from the death sentence.
She also got married to a man without hunch, after an year. But, Raman had no money with him. He had other loans to be paid. After he left, Raman laid at the bed like a dead man. The body was covered with white clothes, from top to bottom. They saw Raman lying dead. The king also reached there to pay fiomages. He had owed gold sovereigns to the palace. A messenger had come here today, demanding the money.
Instantly Raman laid in. He asked me to pay the money. As soon as the king declared the order, Raman woke up from the bed by removing the white clothes. The king was shocked. He moved a little backward. Then how did you die?
The king also laughed. He raised the salary of Raman. The King Krishnadevarayar bought a horse. It was a highly trained animal. The horse showed various actions which surprised the soldiers. People began to praise the horse. One day, the king was doing exercises sitting on the horse. The venue was a bridge on top of the Thungabhadra river. Raman came near and looked at the exercises. But can you do all the exercises done by my horse, with your horse?
He did not like Raman for insulting his horse. Raman brought a horse soon. It was a weak animal. The horse, only with bones and skin looked like an animal affected by famine. If anybody climbed on its back, the animal would fall down. Such was the pitiable condition of the horse. Tenali Raman 29 Raman brought the horse by pulling and pushing. The king looked at what Raman was doing with the horse. When the horse reached the center of the bridge,.
Raman pushed it into the river. It swimrfied in the river for some time to safety, but, succumbed to injuries at last. The transformers will become very weak from the sudden change in temperature and be much easier to take apart. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes. Wear heat resistant gloves to protect your hands. Handle hot pieces with tongs to avoid having to touch them. Research the best prices. Other trade service websites, such as specialty metal sites or investment sites, list the daily prices for metals including copper.
Since then, the price of copper has decreased. Part 3. Find a scrap yard. These websites let you search by location and by material you have to sell. They also tell you the price the yard is offering for scrap. You can also find local scrap yards by looking in the phone book or doing a search on the internet. Call ahead to find out the price they are offering.
Look for a scrap yard with a good reputation for customer service. Some scrap yard owners may try to take advantage of you. Find someone whom you can trust and with whom you can see yourself doing more business. Call ahead to get their prices. If you have done your research about the current value of copper, this will help you assess whether the scrap yard is offering a fair price. Call several scrap yards and find the one with the best price.
Try negotiating with them if you can to get the best price. Find out if they will pick up. Some scrap yards will come to you to pick up your scrap. But they may charge you for the service.
Compare what they are charging you with the cost of delivering it yourself, which includes your time and gas. Decide if having it picked up is worth the price. Haul your copper to the scrap yard. If you decide to deliver it yourself, you can use whatever vehicle you choose.
However, if you are going to be delivering lots of heavy loads, consider using a sturdy pickup truck. A pickup bed allows easy unloading. If you haul your copper in a closed vehicle like a car or SUV, it might be more difficult to unload. Weigh your copper. Many scrap yards weigh your fully-loaded vehicle when you arrive.
They use a large, accurate, pressure-sensitive plate to weigh your vehicle. After unloading the copper, they weigh your vehicle again. The difference is the weight of your scrap. Unload your vehicle. Since copper is a non-ferrous material, the yard cannot use a mag crane to remove it from your truck.
Other ferrous materials like iron and steel can be removed from truck beds by the magnet on the mag crane. But since copper is not magnetic, the scrap yard will likely use a forklift instead.
Register your personal information. Since copper theft has become such a problem, the government now requires the use of security systems to try to catch copper thieves. When you sell copper at a scrap yard, you will likely be required to register in a database that links a photo and a description of the copper you sold with your personal information.
In addition, your thumbprint is recorded. Authorities can review these records to link sellers to reported copper thefts. Get paid. Some scrap yards may pay you with cash. However, if the scrap yard is participating in the government's security database system, they may be prohibited from paying you in cash. In this case, they will likely have an automated teller machine that pays you. The scrap yard will give you a slip of paper with the specified payment.
You can input this into the automated teller machine, and it will give you your cash. Part 4. Find specific sources of copper that are always reliable. Most people who sell scrap copper don't rely on finding it by chance.
They have sources on which they rely to find a steady supply of copper to sell. For example, you might be able to set up an agreement with an appliance repair store to pick up damaged goods you know contain copper. They might be happy to allow you to recycle what would otherwise wind up in a landfill. Find copper wire inside old electronics. Cut wires off the outside. Cut off the plugs from the end to add to your brass pile.
The small black boxes on charging cables can be cut off and put in your transformer pile. Search inside for insulated wires and connectors. Take apart desktop computer towers to find the ribbon wire and insulated connectors in the board and hard drive. Large appliances are often sold for steel. Small appliances such as coffee makers, AC units, fans, blenders and toasters may all have copper wiring inside.
Small electronics, such as cell phones, cameras and hand-held games are good places to search for copper wire. Search construction and remodeling sites. Electricians scrape up electrical wire for scrap during demolition.
Plumbing materials also contain copper and brass. Always check with the owner or a construction supervisor before taking copper away from a property that you do not own. Even if you are being paid to clean a demolition site, that does not give you a claim to the wire or any other materials you find there. Look for copper in your home. Old garden gnomes, statues and other lawn ornaments may contain copper. In addition, sometimes roofing material is made from copper sheeting.
Roofing copper is recyclable and environmentally friendly. Understand the consequences of copper theft. Unless you have permission to remove copper from a property you do not own, it is considered theft.
Copper theft has been on the rise since the value of copper started to increase in Thieves are targeting electrical sub-stations, cellular towers, telephone land lines, railroads, water wells, construction sites, and vacant homes. Delivery of electricity, water, telecommunications, transportation and security and emergency services is disrupted.
0コメント