One type is a regular data cell into which you enter either a name or a number. When entering names and numbers, simply type the name or number, then press the [Enter] key, one of the direction keys, or click on another cell. If you type an illegal character, a message box will be displayed indicating so.
A second type is a cell that cannot be edited. For example, the empty cell in the upper left-hand corner of the table can not be edited. You actually could paste into the cell.
A third type is a cell that contains a drop-down box. For example, the signs in a linear programming constraint are chosen from this type of box, as shown in the following illustration. To see all of the options, press the arrow on the drop-down box. When you are finished entering the data, press the SOLVE tool on the toolbar or use [F9] or File, Solve and a solution screen will appear as given in the following illustration.
The original data is in black and the solution is in a color. Of course, these are only the default values; as all colors may be set using Format, Colors. This can be seen by the icons given at the bottom. Click on these to view the information. Alternatively, when you solve the problem, the form below can be set to appear on top of the solution through Help, User Information. The options are as follows: The first option simply displays the solution.
The next three options remind you that more results may exist than the one window displayed. The second option displays the Solutions Window, which contains a brief description of each solution Window.
The third option automatically drops down the Window menu. These options can be reset using Help, User Information. It is generally at this point that, after reviewing the solution, you would choose to print both the problem and solution.
Now that the creation and solution of a problem have been examined, all of the options that are available in the main menu are explained. These options are now described. New As demonstrated in the sample problem, this option is chosen to begin a new problem or file. In some cases, you will go directly to the problem creation screen, whereas in other cases a pop-up menu will appear indicating the submodels that are available.
After selecting a submodel, you will go to the creation screen. File selection is the standard Windows common dialog type. An example of the screen for opening a file follows.
Notice that the extension for files in the software system is given by the first three letters of the module name. When you go to the Open File dialog, the default value is for the program to look for files of the type in this module. It is possible to use Help, User Information to set the program to automatically solve any problem when it gets loaded.
This way, if you like, you can be looking at the solution screen whenever you load a problem rather than at the data screen. Save Save will replace the file without asking you if you care about overwriting the previous version of this file. If you try to save and have not previously named the file, you will be asked to name this file.
That is, the command will function as Save As. This option is very similar to the option to load a data file. It is essentially identical to the one previously shown for opening files. The names that are legal are standard Windows file names. In addition to the file name, you may preface the name with a drive letter with its colon or path designation. The software will automatically append an extension to the name that you use. As mentioned previously, the extension is the first three letters of the module name.
You may type file names in as uppercase, lowercase, or mixed. Examples of legal file names are sample, sample. If you enter sample. For example, if the module is linear programming, the name under which the file will be saved will be sample.
Save as Excel File The software has an option that allows you to save most but not all of the problems as Excel files. The data is transported to Excel and the spreadsheet is filled with formulas for the solutions. For example, following is the output from a waiting line model. The left-hand side has the data, whereas the right-hand side has the solution. Notice from the formula for cell E7 shown at the top of the spreadsheet that a spreadsheet with formulas was created.
Print Print will display a Print Setup screen. Printing options are described in Chapter 4. Both Save and Print act slightly differently if a graph is being displayed at the time that you use Print or Save. Print Screen Print Screen will print the screen as it appears.
Different screen resolutions may affect the printing. Printing the screen is more time consuming than a regular print. Use this option if you need to demonstrate to your instructor exactly what was on the screen at the time. Solve There are several ways to solve a problem. Clicking on File, Solve is probably the least efficient way to solve the problem.
The toolbar icon may be used, as well as the [F9] key. Also, if the data is entered in order top to bottom, left to right, using [Enter] , the program will solve the problem automatically after a value is entered into the last cell.
After solving a problem, the Solve option will change to an Edit option on both the menu and the toolbar. This is the way to go back and forth between data and solutions.
Note that Help, User Information may be used to set the program to automatically maximize the solution windows if so desired. Step For the linear programming and transportation modules, a Step option not displayed in the preceding figure will appear in the File menu and on the toolbar. Exit The next option on the File menu is Exit. This will exit the program.
You will be asked if you want to exit the program. You can eliminate this question by using Help, User Information. Clicking on one of these will load the file. Edit The commands under Edit can be seen in the following illustration. Their purposes are threefold. The first six commands are used to insert or delete rows or columns. The second type of command is useful for repeating entries in a column, and the third type is for cutting and pasting between Windows applications.
Insert Row inserts a row after the current row, and Insert Column inserts a column after the current column. Insert Rows s and Insert Columns s ask you how many columns or rows you would like to insert after the current row or column.
Delete Row deletes the current row, and Delete Column deletes the current column. Copy Entry Down Column The Copy Down command is used to copy an entry from one cell to all cells below it in the column.
This is not often useful, but it can save a great deal of work when it is. Copy Copy has five options available. It is possible to copy the entire table, the current row, or the current column to the clipboard. It is possible to copy from the data table or any of the solution tables. The copy tool in the toolbar copies the entire table. If you are at the solution stage, the copying will be for the table that is active. Copy Special will copy the entire table but enable you to limit the number of decimals that are copied.
Paste Paste is used to paste in the current contents of the clipboard. Thus, it is possible to copy a column to a different column beginning in a different row.
This could be done to create a diagonal. It is not possible to paste into a solution table, although, as indicated previously, it is possible to copy from a solution table.
Paste from myomlab Paste from myomlab is available in the File menu but is easier to use from either the toolbar or by right-clicking on the data table after copying data from myomlab. Note: Right clicking on any table will bring up Copy options and if the table is the data table it will also bring up the insert and delete options.
View View has several options that enable you to customize the appearance of the screen. The Toolbars menu contains two options. The toolbar can be customized as can most Windows toolbars or the toolbar can be reset to its original look. The Status Bar display can be toggled on or off. Full Screen turns all of the bars toolbar, command bar, instruction, and status bar on or off.
Zoom generates a small form allowing you to reduce or increase the size of the columns. It is easier to use the zoom tool on the standard toolbar.
Colors can be set to Monochrome black and white or from this state to their Original Colors. This formerly was very useful when overhead devices displayed much better in monochrome than in color.
Today, projectors are so powerful that monochrome is generally not required. Module A drop-down list with all of the modules in alphabetical order will appear. At the bottom of the list are options for indicating whether you want to display only the POM modules as displayed , only the QM modules, or all of the modules as the following display shows.
In addition, there are some additional format options available in the format toolbar. There are five tabs shown as follows. These options create permanent changes, whereas the foreground and background tools on the format bar change only the current table.
Furthermore, the color settings are for the entire table, whereas the format tools may be used for either the entire table or for selected columns. The first tab is for setting the colors in the data table, and the second tab is for setting the colors in the solution tables. That is, it is possible to have the displays of the data and the display of the results appear differently, which can be helpful.
For either the data or the results, you may set the background and foreground colors for rows to alternate by using the odd and even options. This makes reading long tables easier. In order to set the colors, first select the table property that you want to set, then select foreground or background if applicable, then select rows if applicable, and then click on the color.
For example, click on Body, Foreground, Odd, and then click on the red color box and the foreground for every other row will become red. The changes here will be maintained throughout until you return to this screen and reset the colors. If you want to make changes in only one table for one problem, it may be easier to use the toolbar options for foreground and background.
The third tab allows you to customize the colors in the panels status, instruction. The fourth tab can be used to set the gradient that appears on several of the screens problem creation, empty data screen , and the fifth tab allows you to reset the colors to their original factory settings. Other Format Options The font type, style, and size for all tables can be set. Zeros can be set to display as blanks rather than zeros in the data table.
The grid line display can be set to horizontal, vertical, both, or none. The problem title that appears in the data table, and which was created at the creation screen, also can be changed.
In order to give some idea of the extensive formatting capabilities available, following is displayed a sample of an overly formatted screen.
In order to create this screen Format, Colors was used to change the background and foreground colors of odd rows to give the alternating rows.
Returning to the Format menu, observe that the table can be squeezed or expanded. That is, the column widths can be decreased or increased. Each press of the tool changes the column widths by 10 percent. This is very useful if results tables are wider than the screen. The toolbar has the zoom option, which also may be used for resizing the column widths. Double clicking on this line will not automatically adjust the column width as it does in Excel. Number of decimals, Comma and Fixed are used to format the displayed or printed output.
The Comma option displays numbers greater than with a comma. The Number of decimals drop-down box controls the maximum number of decimals displayed. If you turn on the Fixed decimal option, then all numbers would have 2 decimals. Thus 1. The input can be checked or not. It is a good idea to always check the input, but not checking allows you to put entries into cells that otherwise could not be put there.
Tools The software should find the Windows calculator if you select the Calculator option. If not, a calculator is available for simple calculations, including square root. Numbers may be copied from the calculator and pasted into an individual cell in the data table. A Normal Distribution Calculator is available for performing calculations related to the normal distribution.
This is particularly useful for forecasting and project management. See the Help screen for information on how to use the Normal Distribution Calculator, or use the happy face on the calculator to get step-by-step instructions. An example of the Normal Calculator appears in Chapter 6 in the section on project management. The same computations can be done in the Statistics module but the calculator is a little more intuitive to use.
There is an area available to Annotate problems. If you want to write a note to yourself about the problem, select Annotate.
The note will be saved with the file if you save the file. An example of annotation appears in Chapter 1. In order to eliminate the annotation completely, the box must be blank by deleting and then the file must be resaved. When you print, you have an option to print the note or not. This menu option is enabled only at the solution screen.
Notice that in this example there are six different output screens that can be viewed. The number of windows depends on the specific module and problem. Following is a display of the screen after using the Tile option from the Window menu when the screen resolution was set to 1, by 1, With this resolution it may be very useful to tile in order to see all of the available solution windows.
In fact, using Help, User Information, you could set all solution windows to open up for every problem. Obviously, the value of this option depends on your screen resolution. The third option is the topic; it gives a description of the module, the data required for input, the output results, and the options available in the module. It is worthwhile to look at this screen at least one time in order to be certain that there are no unsuspected differences between your assumptions and the assumptions of the program.
If there is anything to be warned about regarding the option, it will appear on the help screen as well as in Chapter 6 of this manual. Tip of the Day The Tip of the Day will be displayed. From this option, it is possible to set the tip to display all of the time or not to display at all. E-mail support E-mail support uses your e-mail to set up a message to be sent to Prentice Hall. Program Update Program Updates points you to www. Updates are on the download page.
User Information The user information form is shown as follows. The first tab can be used to change the name of the course, instructor, or school. The student name is set at the time of installation of the software and cannot be changed. The third tab is used to set the textbook. There are differences among displays, models available, and computations for different textbooks.
Notice the build number Build 20 after the version number. If you send e-mail requesting help, please be sure to include this build number. Also, notice the Web site location — www. This site contains updates! There are several options on this screen that are divided over five tabs. The first tab is shown in the figure below. The same options appear on the tabs but access to the options is more direct here.
From the data screen, the only option that will appear is to print the data. However, from the solution screen there will be one option for each screen of solution values. For example, in the preceding linear programming example, there are six different output displays as well as an available graph and annotation because this file had a note attached. You can select which of these will be printed.
In general, the data is printed when printing the output, and, therefore, it is seldom necessary to print the data, meaning that all printing can be performed after the problem is solved. Tables versus Equations For mathematical programming types of modules, there is an option available about the style of printing.
The problem can be printed in regular tabular form or in equation form. Examples of each follow. For example, Project Management results include three Gantt charts and a precedence graph. You can select which graphs you would like from the list that is presented in the following figure. Furthermore, if you want to control the size of the printed graph, use the options presented in the next chapter. Page Header Information The tab for the page header information is displayed as follows.
There are six pieces of information that can be chosen to appear on the header. The first three options will appear on the first header line, and the second three will appear on the second header line. If the software is registered as being on a network or lab then the student name will include the name of the lab followed by the name of the student that was entered when the program was started.
Print As There are two styles of printing that may be used. In addition, you may also print a grid similar to the one that appears on the screen.
Thus, you may format the grid, then go to the print option, and print a highly formatted grid. The formatted grids take longer to print than the plain text.
Paper Orientation The paper can be printed in upright fashion portrait or it can be printed sideways landscape if you need more space for columns. Answers Answers can be bold, italic, color, or any combination of the three. Do not opt for color if you do not have a color printer. This usually is not the desired characteristic. Spacing The printing may be single-spaced highly suggested or double-spaced. The margin is above or beyond any natural margin that the printer itself has. Margins of 0 allow for the most printing across the page.
Maximum Column Widths The maximum widths of the columns in characters can be set. The leftmost column which is usually names, can be set separately from the other columns. This is useful if you want to compress tables. Printer Options The tab for the printer options is as follows. If you print to a file you will be asked for a file name.
Any name can be given. You also have the option of adding the printing to a file that was already there appending or erasing a file before printing replace file. Microsoft Document Images cannot be edited but one advantage is that graphs can be printed to these files. Printing each time is generally preferable, but there are some situations where you want to wait until the end because this may save paper or minimize the number of trips to a network printer. Change Default Printer If you have more than one printer, you may change the printer using this option.
This changes the Windows default printer and may affect other programs. If you print as a grid, the printer selected is always the Windows default printer regardless of what you select in this window. Some of the modules have more than one graph associated with them.
For example, as shown in the following figure, four different project management graphs are available. The graph to be displayed is chosen using the tab. There are several options that you have when a graph appears, and those options are explained in this chapter. First the graph will be displayed covering the entire area below the extra data; and second, some of the menu options will change or execute differently.
File Saving The file save option both under File on the main menu and on the toolbar will save the active graph rather than saving the file. The file may still be saved by using File, Save as or by going to a results window other than the graph window. Print Print now will print the graph rather than presenting the general print setup screen.
The print graph options are shown in the following figure. The graph can be printed in two sizes, and can be printed as either portrait 8.
Small graphs can be printed at the top or bottom of the page. Thus, there is slightly more customization of graph printing available through this method than when printing the graphs as part of the output, as described in the previous chapter. Colors and Fonts The foreground colors and the background colors may be changed by using the tools on the format toolbar.
Changing the font name on the toolbar will change the font for the headings and labels in the graphs. Clicking on bold on the toolbar will change the font in the graphs to bold. The input required for each module, the options available for modeling and solving, and the different output screens and reports that can be seen and printed are explained. For these modules, the names used by KRM follow the names used by the software. Aggregate planning refers to the fact that the production planning is usually carried out across product lines.
The terms aggregate planning and production planning are used interchangeably. The main planning difficulty is that demands vary from month to month. Production should remain as stable as possible, yet it should maintain minimum inventory and experience minimum shortages.
The costs of production, overtime, subcontracting, inventory, shortages, and changes in production levels must be balanced. In some cases, aggregate planning problems might require the use of the transportation or linear programming modules. The second submodel in the aggregate planning module creates and solves a transportation model of aggregate planning for cases where all of the costs are identical. The transportation model is also available as one of the methods for the first submodel.
The Aggregate Planning Model Production planning problems are characterized by a demand schedule, a set of capacities, various costs, and a method for handling shortages. Consider the following example. Example 1: Smooth Production Consider a situation where demands in the next four periods are for , , , and units.
Current inventory is 0 units. Suppose that regular time capacity is units per month and that overtime and subcontracting are not considerations. The screen for this example follows. In addition to the data, there are two considerations — shortage handling and the method to use for performing the planning. These appear in the area above the data. Shortage handling. In production planning there are two models for handling shortages.
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Obat Fitofarmaka Indonesia. Fitofarmaka adalah sediaan obat bahan alam yang telah dibuktikan keamanan dan khasiatnya secara ilmiah dengan uji praklinik dan uji klinik Download IDM 6. Latihan Soal Stabilitas Obat dan penyelesainnya. Gambar di atas menunjukkan profil pH degradasi dari obat X, tentukan : 1.
Tentukan pH paling stabil untuk obat di atas b. Kalau contohnya seperti ini kak? Pilih menu File - New , sehingga muncul tampilan seperti gambar di bawah ini. Buat judul penyelesaian soal ini dengan mengisi bagian Title , jika Title tidak diisi, program QM For Windows akan membuat judul sendiri sesuai default patokannya.
Isikan jumlah kendala dengan cara meng-klik tanda pada kotak Number of Constraints. Isikan jumlah variabel dengan cara meng-klik tanda pada kotak Number of Variables. Pilih tujuan yang akan dicari pada bagian Objective , jika tujuan yang akan dicari adalah maksimasi, pilih Maximize , begitupun sebaliknya, jika tujuan yang akan dicari minimasi, maka pilih Minimize.
Kemudian klik OK, dan akan muncul gambar seperti di bawah ini. Isikan angka-angka sesuai soal, pada kotak yang bersesuaian. Selesaikan dengan meng-klik tombol pada toolbar atau dari menu File - Solve , atau dengan menekan tombol F9 pada keyboard. Jika ternyata ada data soal yang perlu diperbaiki, klik tombol.
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